Varmam / Varma Kalai — Tamil Vital Points

Thilartha-kalam is a named head padu-varmam recorded at the brow-centre or glabellar field in modern anatomical correlation. It is included as the twelfth padu record in this compact selection, while the exact Tamil synonyms and point boundaries remain variant across Varma Sūthiram recensions.

Adaippu/Adappu-kalam is rendered at the crown because that is the crown association requested for this Tamil varmam selection. The name is not topographically stable across schools: a modern anatomical study records an Adappa variant on the lateral thorax, so this crown placement is a lineage-labelled editorial projection rather than a universal anatomical assertion.

Natchathira-kalam is a paired head padu-varmam identified in a modern anatomical study at the lateral canthus and temple-side orbital region. It is projected on the anatomical-right side of the front view; the temple wording is a rendering shorthand for the broader lateral orbital landmark, not a claim of equivalence with the Sanskrit śaṅkha marma.

This is the left counterpart of Natchathira-kalam, kept as a separate point so the bilateral temple-side teaching remains visible. Its front-view position mirrors the right point around the midline; naming and exact landmark boundaries vary among varma texts and schools.

Urakka-kalam is a named padu-varmam of the upper neck and throat, described in modern anatomical correlation near the thyroid-cartilage and carotid-side region. The point is shown as a compact midline attention mark because the front diagram cannot encode the full lateral and depth relationships of the teaching.

Thummi-kalam, also recorded as Thivalai-kalam in variant naming, is placed at the lower neck above the suprasternal notch and adjacent supraclavicular field. The bilateral rendering is an editorial projection of a school description that gives a narrow upper-sternal landmark and does not establish a single universal supraclavicular coordinate.

This is the left counterpart of Thummi/Thivalai-kalam in the upper-sternal and supraclavicular field. It is kept distinct from the Sanskrit clavicular marma group so that Tamil naming and the school-dependent 12-point padu classification are not collapsed into Suśruta’s taxonomy.

Ner or Neru-varmam is a padu-varmam mapped in modern anatomical work to the lower sternum/xiphoid region and discussed in relation to the heart and major vessels. The label ‘cardiac’ describes the tradition’s vital association; it is not a clinical diagnosis or a claim that this rendered dot is the surface projection of the entire heart.

Urumi-kalam is one of the padu-varmam names used for the epigastric or solar-plexus field below the xiphoid and above the navel. ‘Solar plexus’ is a modern descriptive gloss for the rendered region; the Tamil vaasi teaching and its effects are not being reduced to a biomedical nerve plexus.

Nabhi-varmam is included as a thodu-varmam representative at the umbilical centre, a major regional landmark in Tamil varma classifications. It is not counted as one of the twelve padu records in this selection; the point is shown to make the neck-to-navel and navel-to-pelvis teaching divisions visible without claiming that all schools use the same name.

Periya Atthi-churukki is a padu-varmam recorded at the lower floating-rib and flank region, projected here toward the anatomical-right lumbar field. The front-view dot is deliberately broad because the traditional finger-breadth descriptions and modern anatomical correlations do not supply a single reproducible lumbar surface coordinate.

Siriya Atthi-churukki is the smaller atthi-churukki variant, recorded below the floating-rib landmark and represented here on the left lumbar flank. The paired display is an editorial front projection: school texts differ in whether they enumerate the small and large forms as paired, separate, or synonymous padu names.

Kallidayam or Kalladai-kalam is a padu-varmam of the groin and pelvic-root field, with modern anatomical descriptions placing a variant at the root of the scrotum. It is rendered on the midline as an inguinal-region marker because a front silhouette cannot express the perineal depth or sex-specific variation of the teaching.

Mudavu-varmam is included as a thodu-varmam lower-limb representative at the knee and popliteal hollow, where Tamil regional lists place a lower-extremity varmam. Because the canonical front silhouette does not show the posterior knee, this is an inset-like front projection with widened uncertainty, not a claim that the point is anterior.

Kuthi-kal varmam is a lower-limb thodu-varmam name rendered at the right ankle and foot-joint field. The wording identifies a regional point in Tamil lists; it must not be read as a precise biomedical tendon, nerve, or Sanskrit marma equivalence.

This is the left ankle counterpart of Kuthi-kal varmam, included to show how the 96-point thodu category extends into the lower limb. As with the right point, the front-view coordinate is an approximate projection of a school-dependent regional name and carries no treatment or strike instruction.